The field of endodontics has witnessed significant technological advances over the past few decades. One area of advancement has been the evolution of endodontic visualization. The endodontists have always pursued to improve the vision of the operating field. The human naked eye with a resolving power of 0.2 mm is capable of distinguishing fine detail when an image is sharpened and enlarged to effectively magnify the area of interest for proper diagnosis and treatment of various dental pathologies. Magnification aids such as loupes, microscope, rod lens endoscope, and orascope help the endodontists to visualize the operating field beyond what can be perceived by the naked eye. Enhanced magnification and illumination help the clinician to identify accessory canals and other anatomical variations. Recently, in clinical dentistry, the dentist is now practising a higher level of microscope-assisted precision dentistry. The operating microscope has now fundamentally and radically changed the way endodontic surgeries can be performed. The microsurgical techniques have made possible and accessible results that were unimaginable before.
TYPES OF MAGNIFICATION DEVICES IN ENDODONTICS:
MAGNIFYING GLASS
A magnifying glass is a double convex lens mounted in a frame with a handle. A magnifying glass works by creating a magnified virtual image of an object behind the lens.
DENTAL LOUPES
Magnification of loupes ranges from 2× to 6× .
Classification of Loupes
• Based on the number of lens-
• Single lens
• Multiple lens
• Galilean optic loupes
• Prism loupes
• Based on the magnification system-
• Flat plane, single lens loupes
• Surgical telescope with Galilean optical system
• Surgical telescope with Keplerian optical system
• Based on the design of loupes
• Through the lens loupes
• Flip-up loupes
ROD LENS ENDOSCOPE
Rod lens endoscope provides greater magnification than loupes. It consists of rods of glass. It has a camera, a light source, and a monitor.
ORASCOPE
An orascope is a fiber optic endoscope designed for intracanal visualization . Fiber optics is small, lightweight, and flexible plastic. The image quality has a direct correlation to the number of fibers and size of the lens used. Orascope is made of 10,000 parallel visual fibers. The visual fiber is between 3.7 μm and 5.0 μm in diameter. Orascope has a 0.8-mm tip diameter, 0° lenses, and a working portion of 15 mm in length.
DENTAL OPERATING MICROSCOPE
The operating microscope has now fundamentally and radically changed the way endodontic procedures and surgeries can be performed . The microscope provides better magnification from 3× to 30× and better illumination. It is beneficial for the clinician and the patients in terms of ergonomics, clear vision, better prognosis, minimal appointments, and economical.
RECENT ADVANCES IN MAGNIFICATION- HEAD-MOUNTED MICROSCOPE
It has a magnification range of 2.9× to 7.0×. Its working distance is 11.81–27.56 inches. It is autofocus and has an integrated autofocus camera. It also has integrated light optics. Its field of view is 1.18–8.82 inches and has a shadow-free illumination.
USES OF MAGNIFICATION DEVICES IN ENDODONTICS :
The enhanced vision and illumination can facilitate the following:
• Diagnosing caries and minute crack.
• Conservative access opening.
• Identifying obscure anatomy.
• Managing sclerosed canals.
• Confirming canal cleanliness prior to obturation.
• Outlining and removing pulp stones.
• Managing perforation and tooth resorption.
• Retrieving silver point, separated instrument, and fractured post.
• Smaller osteotomy, magnified inspection of resected surface, as well as retro preparation and retro fill in endodontic microsurgery.
CONCLUSION
The ability to appreciate the characteristics of magnification devices and the varied levels of magnification will encourage clinicians to use them and eventually increase their proficiency to perform endodontics procedures, hence improving the outcomes.
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